At that time I decreed:. If a man brings an accusation against another man, charging him with murder, but cannot prove it, the accuser shall be put to death. If a man has accused another of laying a spell upon him, but has not proved it, the accused shall go to the sacred river, he shall plunge into the sacred river, and if the sacred river shall conquer him, he that accused him shall take possession of his house.
If the sacred river shall show his innocence and he is saved, his accuser shall be put to death. If a man bears false witness in a case, or does not establish the testimony that he has given, if that case is case involving life, that man shall be put to death.
If a man bears false witness concerning grain or money, he shall himself bear the penalty imposed in the case. If a judge pronounces judgment, renders a decision, delivers a verdict duly signed and sealed, and afterward alters his judgment , they shall call that judge to account for the alteration of the judgment which he has pronounced, and he shall pay twelve-fold the penalty in that judgment; and, in the assembly, they shall expel him from his judgment seat.
If a man has stolen goods from a temple, or house, he shall be put to death; and he that has received the stolen property from him shall be put to death. If a man has stolen a child, he shall be put to death. If a man practices robbery and is captured, that man shall be put to death. If the robber is not captured, the man who has been robbed shall, in the presence of god, make and itemized statement of his loss, and the city and the governor in whose jurisdiction the robbery was committed shall compensate him for whatever was lost.
If it is a life that is lost, the city and governor shall pay one pound of silver to his heirs. If a levy-master, or warrant officer, who has been detailed on the king's service, has not gone, or has hired a substitute in his place, that levy-master or warrant officer shall be put to death and the hired substitute shall take his place. If a man neglects to maintain his dike and does not strengthen it, and a break is made in his dike and the water carries away the farmland, the man in whose dike the break has been made shall replace the grain which has been damaged.
If he is not able to replace the grain, they shall sell him and his goods and the farmers whose grain the water has carried away shall divide the proceeds from the sale. If a merchant lends grain at interest, for one gur he shall receive on hundred sila as interest 33 percent ; if he lends money at interest, for one shekel of silver he shall receive one-fifth of a shekel as interest.
If a merchant gives to an agent grain, wool, oil, or goods of any kind with which to trade, the agent shall write down the value and return the money to the merchant. The agent shall take a sealed receipt for the money which he gives to the merchant. If the agent is careless and does not take a receipt for the money which he has given to the merchant, the money not receipted for shall not be placed to his account.
If a wine seller does not take grain for the price of a drink but takes money by the large weight, or if she makes the measure of drink smaller than the measure of grain, they shall call that wine seller to account and throw her into the water. If bad characters gather in the house of a wine seller and she does not arrest them and bring them to the palace, that wine seller shall be put to death. If a priestess who is not living in a convent opens a wine shop or enters a wine shop for a drink, they shall burn that woman.
If a man is in debt and sells his wife, son, or daughter, or binds them over to service, for three years they shall work in the house of their purchaser of master; in the fourth year they shall be given their freedom.
How will it end? Who was the first man? Where do souls go after death? The term Ancient, or Archaic, Greece refers to the years B.
Archaic Greece saw advances in art, poetry and technology, but is known as the age in which the polis, or city-state, was By turns charismatic and ruthless, brilliant and power hungry, diplomatic and Live TV. This Day In History. History Vault. Hammurabi Hammurabi was the sixth king in the Babylonian dynasty, which ruled in central Mesopotamia present-day Iraq from c.
Recommended for you. How the Troubles Began in Northern Ireland. The larger the better. In 59 mph winds, we do not want to be in a house built to withstand 60 mph winds. But our current financial systems do not incentivize people to create wide margins of safety.
Instead, they do the opposite — they encourage dangerous risk-taking. His solution? Stop offering bonuses for the risky behavior of people who will not be the ones paying the price if the outcome is bad. Taleb wrote:.
In fact, all pay at systemically important financial institutions — big banks, but also some insurance companies and even huge hedge funds — should be strictly regulated. Instead, he views bonuses as asymmetric incentives. Bonuses encourage bankers to ignore the potential for Black Swan events , with the financial crisis being a prime or rather, subprime example. Rather than ignoring these events, banks should seek to minimize the harm caused. Some career fields have a strict system of incentives and disincentives, both official and unofficial.
Doctors get promotions and respect if they do their jobs well, and risk heavy penalties for medical malpractice. The same goes for military and security personnel. They get promotions and the honor of a job well done if they succeed, and the severe disincentive of shame if they fail.
Hammurabi and his advisors were unconcerned with complex laws and legalese. Instead, they wanted the Code to produce results and to be understandable by everyone. When you align incentives of everyone in both positive and negative ways, you create a system that takes care of itself. After completing construction, a builder can walk away with a little extra profit, while the hapless client is unknowingly left with an unsafe house.
It rewards those who take unwise risks, trick their customers, and harm other people for their own benefit. Written documents from Hammurabi to officials and provincial governors showed him to be an able administrator who personally supervised nearly all aspects of governing.
To better administer his kingdom, he issued a set of codes or laws to standardize rules and regulations and administer a universal sense of justice. During this time, a complex geopolitical situation emerged between several other nearby city-states, all vying for control of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
Oftentimes, alliances of convenience would emerge between states to fend off or raid other rival states. In BCE, one of these city-states, Elam, secretly conspired to start a war between Babylon and Larsa, an empire on the Euphrates delta. When the plot was discovered, Hammurabi and the leader of Larsa, Rim-Sin, formed an alliance and crushed Elam.
Then Hammurabi acted quickly. He broke off the alliance with Rim-Sin and swiftly moved south taking the Larsa cities of Uruk and Isin.
He then shifted eastward and took Nippur and Laguash, surrounding Larsa, which fell soon after. To complete his conquest of Mesopotamia, Hammurabi turned north and east. He first set his sights on Mari, an important and prosperous trade center on the upper Euphrates River. It is not certain why Hammurabi chose to break this alliance.
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