Scientists have yet to identify what the optimal ratio is, let alone what the ramifications are when it's perturbed. This is because the ratio dictates how effectively the cell can produce ATP, adenosine triphosphate — the energy currency of the cell. The food you consume goes through three phases to become energy: glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and the electron transport chain. All of the three phases of respiration generate ATP; however, the greatest yield of ATP is during the electron transport chain.
In , experiments conducted by Krebs et al. To date there is not yet evidence that these animal studies can be extrapolated to humans.
Your Cart. Your cart is empty. Format Advanced Immune Support. Matter Long-Term Brain Health. The NAD coenzyme acts as a hydrogen acceptor in oxidation-reduction reactions.
The electron transport chain in cellular respiration is responsible for energy production and is an excellent illustration of NAD's involvement in redox reactions. In cells, most oxidations are accomplished by the removal of hydrogen atoms. NAD coenzyme plays a crucial role in this. However, only one proton accompanies the reduction.
The other proton produced as two hydrogen atoms are removed from the molecule being oxidized is liberated into the surrounding medium. For NAD, the reaction is:. NAD participates in many redox reactions in cells, including those in glycolysis and most of the reactions in the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The two FADH2 originate in the citric acid cycle. In complex I, electrons are passed from NADH to the electron transport chain, where they flow through the remaining complexes.
When electrons arrive at complex IV, they are transferred to a molecule of oxygen. Since the oxygen gains electrons, it is reduced to water.
While these oxidation and reduction reactions take place, another, connected event occurs in the electron transport chain.
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