London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, Print [4]Webster, Roy. Neurotransmitters, Drugs, and Brain Function. Articles on DifferenceBetween. User assumes all risk of use, damage, or injury. You agree that we have no liability for any damages. What are Hormones? Nearly all of the hormones can be chemically classified into one of the following two large groups of biochemical molecules: Amino acid-based hormones These include the amines and thyroxine as well as peptides to protein macromolecules.
Steroids These hormones are synthesized from cholesterol. What are Neurotransmitters? The following are the two classifications regarding the facilitation of ion flow: Excitatory Neurotransmitters Excitatory neurotransmitters stimulate the brain and are somewhat overactive. Inhibitory Neurotransmitters Inhibitory neurotransmitters help create balance by calming the brain.
Neurotransmitters are also classified according to chemical or molecular structure: Small molecule neurotransmitters These neurotransmitters are synthesized locally within the axon terminal and are smaller than neuropeptides. Such neurotransmitters include the following: Amino acid neurotransmitters: GABA, glycine, and glutamate Biogenic amines: dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, and histamine Purinergic neurotransmitters: ATP Adenosine triphosphate , and adenosine Acetylcholine does not belong to any structural category Neuropeptides These neurotransmitters are known to be larger compared to the molecule neurotransmitters as their structure is made up of three or more amino acids.
Such neurotransmitters include the following: Endorphins Enkephalins Oxytocin Vasopressin Insulin Glucagon Difference between Hormones and Neurotransmitters Organ System Hormones are produced by the endocrine system while neurotransmitters are produced by the nervous system. Mode of Transmission Hormones relay signals through the circulatory system blood stream while neurotransmitters communicate signal across synaptic clefts.
Transmission Distance Since hormones are transmitted through the blood stream, these act on distant sites from where these are produced. Function of Hormone vs Neurotransmitter Hormones have diverse functions that affect physiological processes such as growth and development, metabolism, mood, sexual function, reproduction, etc.
Capability Hormones regulate specific organs and tissues while the capability of neurotransmitters is humbler as they merely stimulate postsynaptic neurons. Hormone vs Neurotransmitter: Comparison Chart Summary of Hormone verses Neurotransmitter Both hormones and neurotransmitters act as chemical messengers in the body. The adrenal glands sit atop our kidneys and secrete hormones involved in the stress response, such as epinephrine adrenaline and norepinephrine noradrenaline. The pancreas is an internal organ that secretes hormones that regulate blood sugar levels: insulin and glucagon.
These pancreatic hormones are essential for maintaining stable levels of blood sugar throughout the day by lowering blood glucose levels insulin or raising them glucagon. People who suffer from diabetes do not produce enough insulin; therefore, they must take medications that stimulate or replace insulin production, and they must closely control the amount of sugars and carbohydrates they consume.
The gonads secrete sexual hormones, which are important in reproduction, and mediate both sexual motivation and behavior. The female gonads are the ovaries; the male gonads are the testes.
Ovaries secrete estrogens and progesterone, and the testes secrete androgens, such as testosterone. Although it is against Federal laws and many professional athletic associations The National Football League, for example have banned their use, anabolic steroid drugs continue to be used by amateur and professional athletes.
The drugs are believed to enhance athletic performance. These drugs have the potential to provide a competitive edge by increasing muscle mass, strength, and endurance, although not all users may experience these results. Moreover, use of performance-enhancing drugs PEDs does not come without risks.
Anabolic steroid use has been linked with a wide variety of potentially negative outcomes, ranging in severity from largely cosmetic acne to life threatening heart attack. Furthermore, use of these substances can result in profound changes in mood and can increase aggressive behavior National Institute on Drug Abuse, Although Rodriguez maintains that he has not used PEDs for the several years, he received a substantial suspension in that, if upheld, will cost him more than 20 million dollars in earnings Gaines, The way the brain responds to hormones indicates that the brain is very malleable and capable of responding to environmental signals.
The brain contains receptors for thyroid hormones those produced by the thyroid and the six classes of steroid hormones, which are synthesized from cholesterol — androgens, estrogens, progestins, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and vitamin D. The receptors are found in selected populations of neurons in the brain and relevant organs in the body. Thyroid and steroid hormones bind to receptor proteins that in turn bind to DNA and regulate the action of genes. This can result in long-lasting changes in cellular structure and function.
The brain has receptors for many hormones; for example, the metabolic hormones insulin, insulin-like growth factor, ghrelin, and leptin. These hormones are taken up from the blood and act to affect neuronal activity and certain aspects of neuronal structure. In response to stress and changes in our biological clocks, such as day and night cycles and jet lag, hormones enter the blood and travel to the brain and other organs.
In the brain, hormones alter the production of gene products that participate in synaptic neurotransmission as well as affect the structure of brain cells. As a result, the circuitry of the brain and its capacity for neurotransmission are changed over a course of hours to days. In this way, the brain adjusts its performance and control of behavior in response to a changing environment.
Severe and prolonged stress can impair the ability of the brain to function normally for a period of time, but the brain is also capable of remarkable recovery. These glands include the sweat, sebaceous , and mammary glands and, the glands that secrete digestive enzymes. The endocrine glands do not have ducts to carry their product to a surface. They are called ductless glands.
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