A major metabolite is 1-phenylpropanone, with smaller amounts of 4-hydroxyamphetamine. Analysis of amphetamine in urine is confounded because it is a metabolite of methamphetamine and certain medicinal products.
Acute intoxication causes serious cardiovascular disturbances as well as behavioural problems that include agitation, confusion, paranoia, impulsivity and violence. Chronic use of amphetamine causes neurochemical and neuroanatomical changes. Dependence — as shown by increased tolerance — results in deficits in memory and in decision-making and verbal reasoning.
Some of the symptoms resemble those of paranoid schizophrenia. These effects may outlast drug use, although often they resolve eventually. Injection of amphetamine carries the same viral infection hazards e.
HIV and hepatitis as are found with other injectable drugs such as heroin. Fatalities directly attributed to amphetamine are rare. The estimated minimum lethal dose in non-addicted adults is mg. The most common route of synthesis is by the Leuckart method. This uses P2P , BMK, phenylacetone and reagents such as formic acid, ammonium formate or formamide to yield a racemic mixture of the R- and S -enantiomers.
A much less common, but stereoselective, method is by reduction of the appropriate diastereoisomers of norephedrine or norpseudoephedrine. Amphetamine may be ingested, snorted and, less commonly, injected.
Unlike the hydrochloride salt of methamphetamine, amphetamine sulfate is insufficiently volatile to be smoked. When ingested, a dose may vary from several tens to several hundreds of milligrams depending on the purity.
Other commonly used chemical names include 1-phenylaminopropane and phenyliospropylamine. Amphetamine is sometimes included with methamphetamine and other less common substances e. And get our latest investigations on organized crime and corruption delivered straight to your inbox.
We use cookies to improve your experience by storing data about your preferences, your device or your browsing session. We also use cookies to collect anonymized data about your behaviour on our websites, and to understand how we can best improve our services.
To find our more details, view our Cookie Policy. Powder is one form that amphetamine takes; it can also be ingested as a pill. Subscribe to our weekly newsletter! No thanks. Your cookie preferences We use cookies to improve your experience by storing data about your preferences, your device or your browsing session.
This means that the person needs to take more and more of the drug to get the desired effect. Regular use of amphetamines, especially when the drug is smoked or injected, can quickly cause addiction. Addiction means that cravings and compulsive use of the drug become very important to a person.
People who use amphetamines often also use other drugs, such as alcohol , cannabis , or benzodiazepines , to help them relax and sleep. This increases the risk for dependence on these other drugs. Chronic use of amphetamines can lead to serious physical and mental health problems. Because amphetamines reduce appetite and fatigue, they can cause vitamin and sleep deficiencies and malnutrition, and make people more prone to illness.
Regular use of amphetamines can also cause amphetamine psychosis. Symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, and bizarre and violent behaviour. These symptoms usually disappear a few days or weeks after the drug use has stopped. Longer-term studies support the efficacy and safety of methylphenidate when taken as prescribed to treat hyperactivity, but more information is needed to evaluate its long-term effects.
A free tutorial on addiction is available on the Mental Health page. Back to top. Your donation will fund the groundbreaking mental health research that is helping people on the path to recovery.
Keep your finger on our pulse — latest CAMH news, discoveries and ways to get involved delivered to your inbox. To unsubscribe at any time click the link in our mailing or email: unsubscribe camh. Where does it come from? What does it look like? Amphetamines are injected, smoked, sniffed or taken as pills.
Long-term effects Regular use of amphetamines may eventually cause: reduced appetite and extreme weight loss restless sleep dry mouth dental problems regular colds and flu anxiety and paranoia depression increased risk of stroke tolerance and dependence on amphetamines financial, work and social problems. Symptoms include: cravings for amphetamines increased appetite confusion and irritability aches and pains exhaustion restless sleep, vivid dreams and nightmares anxiety, depression and paranoia.
Getting help If your use of amphetamines is affecting your health, family, relationships, work, school, financial or other life situations, you can find help and support. Path2Help Not sure what you are looking for? Find out more. Toronto: Addiction Research Foundation; Amphetamines for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD in adults.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Ruiz P, Strain EC. Substance Abuse Handbook. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health; Preedy VR. Neuropathology of drug addictions and substance misuse: Volume 2, Stimulants, club and dissociative drugs, hallucinogens, steroids, inhalants, and international aspects. Preedy VR, editor. Amsterdam: Academic Press;
0コメント